近日，國務(wu)院(yuan)辦公廳轉發(fa)了(le)住(zhu)房和城鄉建設部(bu)(bu)《關于完善質(zhi)量(liang)保障體(ti)(ti)系(xi)提升建筑工(gong)程(cheng)品(pin)質(zhi)的指導意(yi)(yi)見(jian)》（以下簡稱《意(yi)(yi)見(jian)》）。《意(yi)(yi)見(jian)》明確了(le)進一步完善質(zhi)量(liang)保障體(ti)(ti)系(xi)的總體(ti)(ti)要(yao)求和重(zhong)點(dian)任務(wu)，是(shi)當前和今后一個時期指導建筑工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)，提升建筑工(gong)程(cheng)品(pin)質(zhi)的綱領性文件。住(zhu)房和城鄉建設部(bu)(bu)相關負責同志對(dui)《意(yi)(yi)見(jian)》內(nei)容(rong)進行(xing)了(le)解讀。
問：《意見》出臺的背景是什么？
答(da)：建(jian)(jian)筑工程質量事關(guan)人(ren)民群眾生命財產(chan)安全，事關(guan)城市未來和(he)傳承，事關(guan)新(xin)型城鎮(zhen)化發(fa)展水平。黨中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央、國(guo)(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)高(gao)度重視建(jian)(jian)筑工程質量。2019年新(xin)年前夕，習近(jin)平總書記在新(xin)年賀詞中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)指出，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)制造(zao)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)創(chuang)造(zao)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)共同(tong)發(fa)力，繼續(xu)改(gai)變著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的面貌。
改革(ge)開放以來，我(wo)國(guo)經歷了(le)世界上(shang)規模最(zui)大(da)、速(su)度最(zui)快的(de)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)化進程(cheng)，常住(zhu)人(ren)口(kou)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)化率由1978年的(de)17.9%提(ti)高到(dao)2018年的(de)59.58%，城(cheng)鎮(zhen)居(ju)民(min)人(ren)均住(zhu)房建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積從1978年的(de)6.7平(ping)(ping)方米增加到(dao)2018年的(de)39平(ping)(ping)方米。建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程(cheng)質(zhi)量管(guan)理體系不斷(duan)(duan)完善，確立了(le)施(shi)工圖審查、質(zhi)量監督、竣(jun)工驗(yan)收備案等(deng)20余項制度。建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程(cheng)質(zhi)量水(shui)平(ping)(ping)不斷(duan)(duan)提(ti)升，以上(shang)海中(zhong)心、北京(jing)大(da)興國(guo)際機場等(deng)為代(dai)表的(de)一大(da)批重(zhong)點(dian)工程(cheng)高質(zhi)量建成并投入使用，“高、深、大(da)、難”工程(cheng)質(zhi)量技術水(shui)平(ping)(ping)已位(wei)居(ju)世界前列，住(zhu)宅功能不斷(duan)(duan)完善品(pin)質(zhi)不斷(duan)(duan)提(ti)升，新(xin)建建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程(cheng)質(zhi)量事故基本杜絕，為國(guo)民(min)經濟持續健(jian)康發展(zhan)、提(ti)升城(cheng)鄉建設水(shui)平(ping)(ping)、人(ren)民(min)安(an)居(ju)樂業、社(she)會和(he)諧(xie)穩(wen)定作出了(le)重(zhong)要貢獻。
但是(shi)，應(ying)該清醒看到，我國工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)發展不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)衡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)充分的矛盾依然存在，滲漏(lou)、裂縫等住宅質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)常見問題仍較普遍，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)品質(zhi)(zhi)整(zheng)體上還不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高，現(xian)有的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)保障體系還存在一些亟待完(wan)善(shan)的地方(fang)，主要表(biao)現(xian)在：一是(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)責任體系不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完(wan)善(shan)。以建(jian)設(she)(she)單位為(wei)首的工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)各方(fang)主體責任落實不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到位。二是(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)市(shi)場體制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)健(jian)全(quan)。招標(biao)(biao)投標(biao)(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完(wan)善(shan)，工(gong)程(cheng)擔保和(he)(he)保險等市(shi)場機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)發揮作用不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夠，尚(shang)未(wei)形(xing)成(cheng)以質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)安(an)全(quan)為(wei)核心的體制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。三(san)是(shi)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)生產方(fang)式落后。建(jian)造方(fang)式粗(cu)放、工(gong)序環節多，建(jian)材質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)參差(cha)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)齊(qi)，科技研發投入不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)，機(ji)(ji)(ji)械化、標(biao)(biao)準化、精(jing)細化程(cheng)度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高。四是(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)人(ren)職業(ye)化、專業(ye)化、技能化不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高。建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)勞務用工(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完(wan)善(shan)，缺乏(fa)系統的技能培訓和(he)(he)鑒定，老齡化問題日益嚴重，職業(ye)能力得(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到保障。五(wu)是(shi)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)創新不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)。工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)準體系不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完(wan)善(shan)，“雙隨機(ji)(ji)(ji)、一公開”檢查方(fang)式和(he)(he)“互聯網+監(jian)管(guan)(guan)”模式應(ying)用不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)，部(bu)分監(jian)督(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構經費和(he)(he)人(ren)員保障不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到位，執法“寬松軟”問題依然存在，監(jian)管(guan)(guan)效能不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高。
當前(qian)，中國(guo)特色社會主義進入(ru)新時(shi)代，我國(guo)經(jing)濟已由高速增長階段轉向高質(zhi)量發展階段。為深入(ru)貫(guan)徹落實(shi)黨中央、國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院(yuan)決策(ce)部署，進一步提升(sheng)建筑工程品質(zhi)，住(zhu)房和(he)城鄉(xiang)建設部會同19個(ge)部門(men)，在深入(ru)調查研(yan)究、充分溝通協(xie)調、認真(zhen)總結(jie)經(jing)驗的(de)基礎上(shang)，堅持(chi)問(wen)題導向，堅持(chi)改革創新，堅持(chi)協(xie)同推進，研(yan)究起草了(le)《意(yi)見》。近日，國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院(yuan)辦公(gong)廳正式轉發了(le)《意(yi)見》，要求(qiu)地(di)方及國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院(yuan)有關部門(men)認真(zhen)貫(guan)徹落實(shi)。
問：《意見》的出臺將產生哪些積極影響？
答：《意見》圍繞破除建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)質(zhi)量管理體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)機制(zhi)障礙，對質(zhi)量保障體(ti)(ti)系進行系統謀劃，將(jiang)有力提升我(wo)國建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)品(pin)質(zhi)總體(ti)(ti)水平，為(wei)城(cheng)鄉建(jian)設高質(zhi)量發展(zhan)提供重(zhong)要支撐。
一是(shi)有(you)利于促進建筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)轉型升級和高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)。建筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)是(shi)我國(guo)國(guo)民經濟的重(zhong)要(yao)支(zhi)柱產(chan)業(ye)(ye)，也是(shi)推(tui)動(dong)高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)的主戰場。2018年我國(guo)建筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)總產(chan)值達到23.5萬億(yi)元，增(zeng)加值達到6.18萬億(yi)元，占(zhan)GDP的6.87%。《意(yi)見》對標(biao)對表高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)要(yao)求，以(yi)(yi)供(gong)給(gei)側結構性改革為主線(xian)，著力(li)構建以(yi)(yi)質量(liang)為核心的建筑(zhu)(zhu)管理體制機(ji)制，將有(you)效(xiao)引導資源要(yao)素向高(gao)質量(liang)供(gong)給(gei)端(duan)集聚，塑造(zao)中國(guo)建造(zao)品牌(pai)，推(tui)動(dong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)質量(liang)變革、效(xiao)率變革、動(dong)力(li)變革。
二是有利于推(tui)(tui)動(dong)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)建設綠(lv)色(se)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)建設是全面推(tui)(tui)動(dong)綠(lv)色(se)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)主要載體。《意見》堅(jian)持(chi)以新發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)理(li)念(nian)為指引，大力推(tui)(tui)進工程建設生產(chan)組織方式(shi)變革，推(tui)(tui)行綠(lv)色(se)建造(zao)方式(shi)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)裝配式(shi)建筑，推(tui)(tui)廣適(shi)用(yong)于綠(lv)色(se)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)新技術、新材料、新標準，建立(li)與(yu)之相適(shi)應的(de)建設和監(jian)管機制，將在提高(gao)效率(lv)、提升品(pin)質的(de)同時，最大限度節約資源(yuan)、保護環境(jing)，實現城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)建設綠(lv)色(se)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。
三(san)是有利于滿(man)足人民(min)群(qun)(qun)眾(zhong)對(dui)高品(pin)質(zhi)建筑的(de)需求(qiu)。建筑工(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)事(shi)關(guan)老(lao)百姓(xing)最關(guan)心(xin)(xin)最直接最根本的(de)利益(yi)，事(shi)關(guan)人們(men)對(dui)美好生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)向往。隨著經濟社(she)會的(de)進步(bu)，老(lao)百姓(xing)對(dui)住房(fang)的(de)需求(qiu)日益(yi)提高，不(bu)再滿(man)足于有房(fang)住，更是要(yao)求(qiu)住好房(fang)。《意見》堅持以人民(min)為(wei)中心(xin)(xin)，把人民(min)群(qun)(qun)眾(zhong)對(dui)高品(pin)質(zhi)建筑的(de)需求(qiu)作為(wei)根本出發點(dian)和落腳(jiao)點(dian)，推(tui)(tui)動質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)信息公開，完善質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)投訴處(chu)理(li)機制，著力(li)打造共建共治(zhi)(zhi)共享的(de)工(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)格局，推(tui)(tui)動工(gong)程品(pin)質(zhi)提升，讓人民(min)生(sheng)活(huo)得更方便(bian)、更舒心(xin)(xin)、更美好。
問：《意見》對完善建筑工程質量保障體系有什么總體考慮，主要采取了哪些措施？
答(da)：《意(yi)見》指出，完(wan)善(shan)質(zhi)(zhi)量保障體(ti)系，提升(sheng)建筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)品質(zhi)(zhi)，要以(yi)(yi)習(xi)近平新(xin)時代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國特色社會主義思(si)想為指導(dao)，全面貫徹黨的十九大和十九屆二中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)全會以(yi)(yi)及中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央城(cheng)鎮化工(gong)作會議、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央城(cheng)市(shi)工(gong)作會議精(jing)神，按照(zhao)黨中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央、國務(wu)院部署，堅(jian)持以(yi)(yi)人民(min)為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心，牢固樹(shu)立(li)新(xin)發展理(li)念，以(yi)(yi)供給側結(jie)構性改革為主線，以(yi)(yi)建筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量問(wen)題為切入點，逐步(bu)完(wan)善(shan)質(zhi)(zhi)量保障體(ti)系，不斷(duan)提高工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量抽查(cha)符合率和群眾滿(man)意(yi)度(du)，進一步(bu)提升(sheng)建筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)品質(zhi)(zhi)總體(ti)水平。
《意見》從4個方(fang)面明確了完善質量(liang)保障(zhang)體系提升建(jian)筑工程(cheng)品質的主要舉措：
一是強化各方責任。突出建設單(dan)(dan)位(wei)首要責任，強化建設單(dan)(dan)位(wei)對工(gong)程建設全(quan)過程的質(zhi)量(liang)管理(li)；落(luo)實施工(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)責任，推行工(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)安全(quan)手(shou)冊制度；明確房(fang)屋使用安全(quan)主(zhu)體(ti)責任，強化房(fang)屋所有(you)權人(ren)和產權人(ren)管理(li)職責；履行政府(fu)的工(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管責任，創(chuang)新監(jian)管模式，健全(quan)監(jian)管體(ti)系。
二是完善(shan)管理(li)體(ti)制(zhi)。改革工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設組織(zhi)模(mo)式(shi)，推行(xing)工(gong)程(cheng)總承包、全過程(cheng)工(gong)程(cheng)咨詢和建(jian)筑師負責制(zhi)；完善(shan)招標投標制(zhi)度，探索建(jian)立更好滿(man)足項目需求的制(zhi)度機(ji)制(zhi)；推行(xing)工(gong)程(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)與保(bao)險；加強(qiang)工(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)建(jian)造管理(li)，完善(shan)建(jian)筑設計(ji)方(fang)案(an)審(shen)查論證機(ji)制(zhi)，加強(qiang)住區設計(ji)管理(li)，嚴(yan)格控制(zhi)超高層建(jian)筑建(jian)設；推行(xing)綠(lv)色(se)建(jian)造方(fang)式(shi)，大力發展裝(zhuang)配(pei)式(shi)建(jian)筑；支持既有(you)建(jian)筑合(he)理(li)保(bao)留利用(yong)，建(jian)立建(jian)筑拆除管理(li)制(zhi)度。
三是健(jian)全(quan)支撐體系(xi)(xi)。完善(shan)工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)標準(zhun)體系(xi)(xi)，系(xi)(xi)統制(zhi)定全(quan)文強制(zhi)性工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)規(gui)范；加強建(jian)材(cai)質(zhi)量管理，建(jian)立從(cong)生產到使用全(quan)過程(cheng)的建(jian)材(cai)質(zhi)量追(zhui)溯機制(zhi)；提升科技創(chuang)新能力，推進建(jian)筑信息模型(xing)（BIM）、大數據等技術的集成應用；強化從(cong)業人(ren)員(yuan)管理，推行建(jian)筑工人(ren)實(shi)名制(zhi)管理。
四是加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)監(jian)督(du)管理(li)。推進信(xin)(xin)用信(xin)(xin)息平臺建設，將工程質量(liang)(liang)違法(fa)違規等(deng)記錄作為(wei)企業信(xin)(xin)用評價的重要內容(rong)；嚴格監(jian)管執(zhi)法(fa)，強(qiang)(qiang)化工程質量(liang)(liang)終身(shen)責任(ren)落實；加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)社會監(jian)督(du)，完善建筑工程質量(liang)(liang)投訴(su)和糾(jiu)紛協調處(chu)理(li)機制；強(qiang)(qiang)化督(du)促指(zhi)導，建立健全建筑工程質量(liang)(liang)管理(li)、品質提升評價指(zhi)標體(ti)系(xi)。
問：《意見》在改革創新方面有哪些亮點？
答：一是突出建(jian)設(she)(she)單位(wei)(wei)首(shou)要責任(ren)，落實質量(liang)主體(ti)責任(ren)。完善質量(liang)保障(zhang)體(ti)系提(ti)升建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)品(pin)(pin)質，首(shou)先要明確工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)各方主體(ti)應承(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)權利和(he)義務(wu)，健(jian)全(quan)權責一致、科學合理的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)責任(ren)體(ti)系。建(jian)設(she)(she)單位(wei)(wei)作(zuo)為工(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)投資者、決策(ce)者和(he)組織者，其行(xing)為對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)品(pin)(pin)質具有(you)決定性影響。2017年，《國務(wu)院辦(ban)公廳關于促進建(jian)筑業持(chi)續(xu)健(jian)康發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)見》（國辦(ban)發(fa)〔2017〕19號(hao)）首(shou)次(ci)提(ti)出建(jian)設(she)(she)單位(wei)(wei)首(shou)要責任(ren)這(zhe)一概(gai)念，為落實建(jian)設(she)(she)單位(wei)(wei)質量(liang)責任(ren)提(ti)供了政策(ce)依據。《意(yi)(yi)見》進一步(bu)細化了建(jian)設(she)(she)單位(wei)(wei)質量(liang)責任(ren)要求，提(ti)出建(jian)設(she)(she)單位(wei)(wei)應加強對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)管理，嚴(yan)格履行(xing)法定程(cheng)序和(he)落實項目(mu)法人責任(ren)制(zhi)，保證合理工(gong)期和(he)造(zao)價(jia)，不得違(wei)法違(wei)規發(fa)包工(gong)程(cheng)。特別(bie)是通(tong)過(guo)建(jian)立工(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)信息公示制(zhi)度，要求建(jian)設(she)(she)單位(wei)(wei)主動公開工(gong)程(cheng)竣工(gong)驗收等關鍵(jian)質量(liang)信息，有(you)效解決信息不對(dui)稱問題，督促建(jian)設(she)(she)單位(wei)(wei)認真(zhen)履行(xing)質量(liang)承(cheng)諾。
二是推(tui)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)與(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)，完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)建(jian)筑(zhu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)機制。完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障體(ti)系(xi)提(ti)升建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)品質(zhi)，要(yao)充分發揮(hui)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)在資源配置(zhi)中的(de)(de)決定性作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，著力(li)(li)解決建(jian)筑(zhu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)體(ti)系(xi)不完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)、主體(ti)活(huo)力(li)(li)不足(zu)等(deng)問題(ti)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)是市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)經濟(ji)條(tiao)件下(xia)防范和(he)(he)化解工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)風險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)基(ji)本手段，也是發揮(hui)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)約(yue)束作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)途(tu)徑。推(tui)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)，有(you)(you)(you)助(zhu)(zhu)于(yu)規范工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)承發包(bao)交易行(xing)為，為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設各(ge)方履行(xing)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)責任創造(zao)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)環(huan)境；有(you)(you)(you)助(zhu)(zhu)于(yu)有(you)(you)(you)效處置(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)缺陷和(he)(he)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)投訴，維護群眾利(li)益；有(you)(you)(you)助(zhu)(zhu)于(yu)運用(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)等(deng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)力(li)(li)量(liang)(liang)加強質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)控，確保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。為此，《意見》提(ti)出推(tui)行(xing)銀行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函制度，在有(you)(you)(you)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)地區(qu)推(tui)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)司保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)；招(zhao)標(biao)人(ren)要(yao)求中標(biao)人(ren)提(ti)供履約(yue)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)，招(zhao)標(biao)人(ren)應當(dang)同時向(xiang)中標(biao)人(ren)提(ti)供工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款支付(fu)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)；對(dui)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)最低價中標(biao)的(de)(de)探索實行(xing)高保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)額履約(yue)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)；組織(zhi)開(kai)展工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)試點(dian)，加快(kuai)發展工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)。
三是(shi)嚴格(ge)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)執(zhi)法，完善(shan)質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。完善(shan)質(zhi)(zhi)量保(bao)障(zhang)體系提(ti)(ti)升建筑工(gong)(gong)程品質(zhi)(zhi)，必須堅持厲行法治，強化(hua)(hua)政府對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)全(quan)(quan)過(guo)程的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)，嚴厲查(cha)(cha)處各類違(wei)法違(wei)規行為，建立健全(quan)(quan)嚴格(ge)、公正、權威、高效的(de)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。為落(luo)實(shi)政府監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)責(ze)任，提(ti)(ti)升監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)效率，《意(yi)見》提(ti)(ti)出鼓勵采取政府購買服(fu)務(wu)的(de)方(fang)式，委托具備(bei)條(tiao)件的(de)社會力量進行工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)督檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)和(he)抽測，全(quan)(quan)面推行“雙隨(sui)機、一(yi)公開”檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)方(fang)式和(he)“互聯網+監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)”模式，加強工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)督隊伍(wu)建設(she)，監(jian)(jian)督經費由同級財政預算全(quan)(quan)額(e)保(bao)障(zhang)，強化(hua)(hua)設(she)計安全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)。為提(ti)(ti)高監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)執(zhi)法威懾力和(he)有(you)效性，《意(yi)見》提(ti)(ti)出強化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量終身責(ze)任落(luo)實(shi)，加大資質(zhi)(zhi)資格(ge)、從業限制(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)方(fang)面處罰力度(du)，特(te)別是(shi)堅持簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)企(qi)業資質(zhi)(zhi)、強化(hua)(hua)個(ge)人資格(ge)的(de)改革思路，嚴格(ge)落(luo)實(shi)個(ge)人執(zhi)業資格(ge)責(ze)任，加大責(ze)任追究力度(du)。
四是發(fa)(fa)揮標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)引領作(zuo)(zuo)用，完善工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系。完善質(zhi)量保障體(ti)系提升建(jian)筑工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)質(zhi)，要充分發(fa)(fa)揮工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的支(zhi)撐和引領作(zuo)(zuo)用。經過近幾十年的發(fa)(fa)展，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)建(jian)立起具有中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色的標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系，組(zu)織制(zhi)定了(le)涵蓋30余個行業和領域的7000余項(xiang)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，在保障工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量安(an)全、推(tui)進建(jian)筑業持續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展、推(tui)動中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)造走出去(qu)等方(fang)面發(fa)(fa)揮了(le)重(zhong)要支(zhi)撐作(zuo)(zuo)用。但隨著經濟社會發(fa)(fa)展，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)也出現與國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)接(jie)軌不夠、標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)提升機(ji)制(zhi)不足等問(wen)題(ti)。《意見》以問(wen)題(ti)為導向，著眼于改革工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系，創新標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)形式、內容(rong)和屬(shu)性，突出標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、質(zhi)量水平、性能控(kong)制(zhi)等內容(rong)要求(qiu)，提出系統制(zhi)定全文強制(zhi)性工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)規范，精簡整合政府推(tui)薦性標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，培育(yu)發(fa)(fa)展團體(ti)和企業標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，組(zu)織開展重(zhong)點(dian)領域國(guo)(guo)(guo)內外標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)比對，加強國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)交流合作(zuo)(zuo)，推(tui)動一批中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)向國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)轉化和推(tui)廣應用。
五是推(tui)行(xing)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)造方(fang)式(shi)，強化工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設組織實(shi)施(shi)。我國(guo)每年建(jian)(jian)筑消(xiao)耗的(de)水泥、玻璃(li)、鋼(gang)材分別占全球總消(xiao)耗量的(de)45%、42%和35%，傳統建(jian)(jian)造方(fang)式(shi)資源消(xiao)耗大、污(wu)染排放高，越(yue)來越(yue)不(bu)可(ke)持續(xu)，亟需大力(li)推(tui)行(xing)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)造方(fang)式(shi)，強化適應綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)發(fa)展的(de)工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設組織實(shi)施(shi)模式(shi)。對此，《意見》提出(chu)要完善(shan)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)材產品(pin)標(biao)準和認證評價(jia)體系(xi)(xi)，進一步提高建(jian)(jian)筑產品(pin)節(jie)能標(biao)準，建(jian)(jian)立(li)產品(pin)發(fa)布制(zhi)度(du)；推(tui)進綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，降低(di)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程對環境的(de)不(bu)利(li)影響(xiang)；按照綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)筑標(biao)準要求(qiu)，完善(shan)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)筑評價(jia)標(biao)識制(zhi)度(du)；大力(li)發(fa)展裝配式(shi)建(jian)(jian)筑，鼓(gu)勵(li)企業建(jian)(jian)立(li)裝配式(shi)建(jian)(jian)筑部(bu)品(pin)部(bu)件生產和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安裝全過(guo)程質量控制(zhi)體系(xi)(xi)，裝配式(shi)建(jian)(jian)筑部(bu)品(pin)部(bu)件實(shi)行(xing)駐廠(chang)監造制(zhi)度(du)。
六是加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)社(she)會監督(du)，完(wan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)社(she)會治理(li)能力。完(wan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保障體系(xi)提(ti)升建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，要堅持共建(jian)(jian)(jian)共治共享的理(li)念和(he)(he)方(fang)法，充分調動(dong)社(she)會各界(jie)和(he)(he)廣大群眾(zhong)的積(ji)極(ji)性、主(zhu)動(dong)性、創造(zao)性，提(ti)升質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的社(she)會治理(li)能力。對此，《意(yi)見(jian)》提(ti)出加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)社(she)會監督(du)，加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)行(xing)(xing)業自律，完(wan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)行(xing)(xing)業約束(shu)與(yu)懲戒機制；建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)責任(ren)主(zhu)體和(he)(he)責任(ren)人(ren)公示制度，推行(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)信(xin)息公開，探索建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)社(she)會監督(du)機制，完(wan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)投訴和(he)(he)糾紛(fen)協(xie)調處理(li)機制，支持社(she)會公眾(zhong)參與(yu)監督(du)、合(he)理(li)表達質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)訴求。為促(cu)使質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)可(ke)量(liang)(liang)(liang)化、可(ke)監督(du)、可(ke)考核(he)，《意(yi)見(jian)》還提(ti)出建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)健全建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管理(li)、品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)提(ti)升評價(jia)(jia)指標(biao)體系(xi)，科(ke)學(xue)評價(jia)(jia)各地質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)開展情況，客觀衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)地方(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)發(fa)展水(shui)平。在實踐中(zhong)，可(ke)積(ji)極(ji)探索利用社(she)會第三(san)方(fang)力量(liang)(liang)(liang)進行(xing)(xing)評價(jia)(jia)。
問：如何做好《意見》的貫徹落實工作？
答(da)：9月(yue)25日，習近平總書記在(zai)出席北京大(da)興(xing)國(guo)際機場投(tou)運儀式時強(qiang)調，大(da)興(xing)國(guo)際機場能(neng)夠在(zai)不到(dao)5年的(de)(de)時間里(li)就完(wan)成預定(ding)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設任(ren)(ren)務，順利投(tou)入運營，充(chong)(chong)分展現(xian)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)工程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)雄厚實(shi)力(li)，充(chong)(chong)分體現(xian)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)精神和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)力(li)量。他(ta)希望廣大(da)建(jian)(jian)設者在(zai)新(xin)的(de)(de)征程(cheng)上(shang)再接再厲(li)、再立新(xin)功。建(jian)(jian)筑工程(cheng)品質管理鏈(lian)條長、環節多，是一項(xiang)復雜的(de)(de)系(xi)統工程(cheng)，做(zuo)好這項(xiang)工作任(ren)(ren)務艱巨(ju)、責任(ren)(ren)重大(da)、使命光榮，必須(xu)把思想和(he)行(xing)動統一到(dao)以習近平同志為核心的(de)(de)黨中(zhong)(zhong)央的(de)(de)決策部署上(shang)，提高認(ren)識、真(zhen)抓實(shi)干、務求實(shi)效，全(quan)面貫徹落實(shi)《意見》。
一(yi)是加強(qiang)組織領(ling)導。各(ge)地(di)區、各(ge)相關部門要把建筑工(gong)程品質提升工(gong)作(zuo)擺上重要議事日程，建立健全領(ling)導體(ti)制(zhi)和工(gong)作(zuo)機(ji)制(zhi)，加強(qiang)統籌規劃(hua)，細化工(gong)作(zuo)措(cuo)施，制(zhi)定實(shi)施方(fang)案，完(wan)善(shan)保(bao)(bao)障措(cuo)施，確(que)保(bao)(bao)各(ge)項任務(wu)措(cuo)施真正(zheng)落地(di)。
二是強化示范引領(ling)。鼓勵有(you)條件的(de)地區積(ji)極開(kai)展改革創新(xin)(xin)試點，形成可復制、可推廣的(de)經(jing)驗，不斷完善建筑(zhu)工程品(pin)質創新(xin)(xin)管理(li)制度。
三是做(zuo)好輿論宣傳(chuan)。充分發揮媒體作用，積極宣傳(chuan)各(ge)地的好經驗、好做(zuo)法，廣泛宣傳(chuan)中國(guo)建造(zao)(zao)品牌，營造(zao)(zao)良好的社會氛圍。
四(si)是加強能力(li)建(jian)設(she)。加大對基(ji)層政策(ce)支持(chi)、業(ye)務(wu)指導(dao)、人員培訓力(li)度，切實提高(gao)基(ji)層監管(guan)隊(dui)伍業(ye)務(wu)素質和(he)工作(zuo)能力(li)，不斷夯實質量工作(zuo)基(ji)礎(chu)。
